Peleg Born to Eber

And to Eber were born two sons; the name of one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided,1 and his brother’s name was Joktan.

Founding of Egypt

Byzantine chronicler Constantinus Manasses (d. 1187) wrote that the Egyptian state lasted 1663 years. If correct, then counting backward from the time that Cambyses, king of Persia, conquered Egypt in 526 BC, gives us the year of 2188 BC for the founding of Egypt,3 about 60 years after the birth of Peleg. About this time Mizraim, the son of Ham, led his colony into Egypt. Hence the Hebrew word for Egypt is Mizraim4 (or sometimes “the land of Ham” e.g. Psalm 105:23,27).

Papyrus Louvre E25279 recto lunar day in Year 21 of a Pharoah’s reign

David F Lappin

King Egialeus reign founds Greece

Egialeus, king of the Greek city of Sicyon, west of Corinth in Peloponnesus, began his reign in 2089 BC, 1313 years before the first Olympiad in 776 BC.5^,6

If Eusebius is correct about this, then this king started to reign about 160 years after the birth of Peleg.

King Manishtushu succeeds brother Rimush of Akkad & Sumer

King Shar-Kali-Sharri succeeds father Narām-Sîn of Akkad & Sumer

Abram Born

Founding of 11th Egyptian Dynasty with Intef the Elder nomarch of Thebes

David F Lappin

Khozam lunar date (Cairo JE 43290) Year 1 Intef I

David F Lappin

Pharaoh Wahankh Intef II succeeds Intef I

Pharaoh Senusret I co-regent with Amenemhat I

Abraham and the Covenant of Circumcision

1Now when Abram was ninety-nine years old, YHVHappeared to Abram and said to him,
            “I am God Almighty;
            Walk before Me, and be blameless.

      2“I will establish My covenant between Me and you,
And I will multiply you exceedingly.”

3Abram fell on his face, and God talked with him, saying,

      4“As for Me, behold, My covenant is with you,
And you will be the father of a multitude of nations.

      5“No longer shall your name be called Abram,
But your name shall be Abraham;
For I have made you the father of a multitude of nations.

6“I will make you exceedingly fruitful, and I will make nations of you, and kings will come forth from you. 7“I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your descendants after you.8“I will give to you and to your descendants after you, the land of your sojournings, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God.”

      9God said further to Abraham, “Now as for you, you shall keep My covenant, you and your descendants after you throughout their generations. 10“This is My covenant, which you shall keep, between Me and you and your descendants after you: every male among you shall be circumcised.11“And you shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin, and it shall be the sign of the covenant between Me and you. 12“And every male among you who is eight days old shall be circumcised throughout your generations, a servant who is born in the house or who is bought with money from any foreigner, who is not of your descendants. 13“A servant who is born in your house or who is bought with your money shall surely be circumcised; thus shall My covenant be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. 14“But an uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that person shall be cut off from his people; he has broken My covenant.”

      15Then God said to Abraham, “As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall be her name. 16“I will bless her, and indeed I will give you a son by her. Then I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of peoples will come from her.” 17Then Abraham fell on his face and laughed, and said in his heart, “Will a child be born to a man one hundred years old? And will Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a child?” 18And Abraham said to God, “Oh that Ishmael might live before You!” 19But God said, “No, but Sarah your wife will bear you a son, and you shall call his name Isaac; and I will establish My covenant with him for an everlasting covenant for his descendants after him. 20“As for Ishmael, I have heard you; behold, I will bless him, and will make him fruitful and will multiply him exceedingly. He shall become the father of twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation. 21“But My covenant I will establish with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to you at this season next year.” 22When He finished talking with him, God went up from Abraham.

      23Then Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all the servants who were born in his house and all who were bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham’s household, and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the very same day, as God had said to him. 24Now Abraham was ninety-nine years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.25And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. 26In the very same day Abraham was circumcised, and Ishmael his son. 27All the men of his household, who were born in the house or bought with money from a foreigner, were circumcised with him.

Genesis 17

Birth of Isaac Promised

1Now YHVH appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, while he was sitting at the tent door in the heat of the day. 2When he lifted up his eyes and looked, behold, three men were standing opposite him; and when he saw them, he ran from the tent door to meet them and bowed himself to the earth, 3and said, “My Lord, if now I have found favor in Your sight, please do not pass Your servant by. 4“Please let a little water be brought and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree;5and I will bring a piece of bread, that you may refresh yourselves; after that you may go on, since you have visited your servant.” And they said, “So do, as you have said.” 6So Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah, and said, “Quickly, prepare three measures of fine flour, knead it and make bread cakes.” 7Abraham also ran to the herd, and took a tender and choice calf and gave it to the servant, and he hurried to prepare it. 8He took curds and milk and the calf which he had prepared, and placed it before them; and he was standing by them under the tree as they ate.

9Then they said to him, “Where is Sarah your wife?” And he said, “There, in the tent.” 10He said, “I will surely return to you at this time next year; and behold, Sarah your wife will have a son.” And Sarah was listening at the tent door, which was behind him. 11Now Abraham and Sarah were old, advanced in age; Sarah was past childbearing. 12Sarah laughed to herself, saying, “After I have become old, shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also?” 13And YHVHD said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh, saying, ‘Shall I indeed bear a child, when I am so old?’ 14“Is anything too difficult for YHVH? At the appointed time I will return to you, at this time next year, and Sarah will have a son.”15Sarah denied it however, saying, “I did not laugh”; for she was afraid. And He said, “No, but you did laugh.”

16Then the men rose up from there, and looked down toward Sodom; and Abraham was walking with them to send them off. 17YHVH said, “Shall I hide from Abraham what I am about to do,18since Abraham will surely become a great and mighty nation, and in him all the nations of the earth will be blessed? 19“For I have chosen him, so that he may command his children and his household after him to keep the way of YHVH by doing righteousness and justice, so that YHVH may bring upon Abraham what He has spoken about him.” 20And YHVH said, “The outcry of Sodom and Gomorrah is indeed great, and their sin is exceedingly grave. 21“I will go down now, and see if they have done entirely according to its outcry, which has come to Me; and if not, I will know.”

22Then the men turned away from there and went toward Sodom, while Abraham was still standing before YHVH. 23Abraham came near and said, “Will You indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked? 24“Suppose there are fifty righteous within the city; will You indeed sweep it away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous who are in it? 25“Far be it from You to do such a thing, to slay the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous and the wicked are treated alike. Far be it from You! Shall not the Judge of all the earth deal justly?” 26So YHVH said, “If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare the whole place on their account.” 27And Abraham replied, “Now behold, I have ventured to speak to the Lord, although I am but dust and ashes. 28“Suppose the fifty righteous are lacking five, will You destroy the whole city because of five?” And He said, “I will not destroy it if I find forty-five there.” 29He spoke to Him yet again and said, “Suppose forty are found there?” And He said, “I will not do it on account of the forty.” 30Then he said, “Oh may the Lord not be angry, and I shall speak; suppose thirty are found there?” And He said, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.” 31And he said, “Now behold, I have ventured to speak to the Lord; suppose twenty are found there?” And He said, “I will not destroy it on account of the twenty.” 32Then he said, “Oh may the Lord not be angry, and I shall speak only this once; suppose ten are found there?” And He said, “I will not destroy it on account of the ten.” 33As soon as He had finished speaking to Abraham YHVH departed, and Abraham returned to his place.

Genesis 18

The Doom of Sodom

1Now the two angels came to Sodom in the evening as Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. 2And he said, “Now behold, my lords, please turn aside into your servant’s house, and spend the night, and wash your feet; then you may rise early and go on your way.” They said however, “No, but we shall spend the night in the square.” 3Yet he urged them strongly, so they turned aside to him and entered his house; and he prepared a feast for them, and baked unleavened bread, and they ate. 4Before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, both young and old, all the people from every quarter; 5and they called to Lot and said to him, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us that we may have relations with them.” 6But Lot went out to them at the doorway, and shut the door behind him, 7and said, “Please, my brothers, do not act wickedly. 8“Now behold, I have two daughters who have not had relations with man; please let me bring them out to you, and do to them whatever you like; only do nothing to these men, inasmuch as they have come under the shelter of my roof.” 9But they said, “Stand aside.” Furthermore, they said, “This one came in as an alien, and already he is acting like a judge; now we will treat you worse than them.” So they pressed hard against Lot and came near to break the door. 10But the men reached out their hands and brought Lot into the house with them, and shut the door. 11They struck the men who were at the doorway of the house with blindness, both small and great, so that they wearied themselves trying to find the doorway.

12Then the two men said to Lot, “Whom else have you here? A son-in-law, and your sons, and your daughters, and whomever you have in the city, bring them out of the place; 13for we are about to destroy this place, because their outcry has become so great before YHVH that YHVH has sent us to destroy it.” 14Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, who were to marry his daughters, and said, “Up, get out of this place, for YHVH will destroy the city.” But he appeared to his sons-in-law to be jesting.

15When morning dawned, the angels urged Lot, saying, “Up, take your wife and your two daughters who are here, or you will be swept away in the punishment of the city.” 16But he hesitated. So the men seized his hand and the hand of his wife and the hands of his two daughters, for the compassion of YHVH was upon him; and they brought him out, and put him outside the city. 17When they had brought them outside, one said, “Escape for your life! Do not look behind you, and do not stay anywhere in the valley; escape to the mountains, or you will be swept away.” 18But Lot said to them, “Oh no, my lords! 19“Now behold, your servant has found favor in your sight, and you have magnified your lovingkindness, which you have shown me by saving my life; but I cannot escape to the mountains, for the disaster will overtake me and I will die; 20now behold, this town is near enough to flee to, and it is small. Please, let me escape there (is it not small?) that my life may be saved.” 21He said to him, “Behold, I grant you this request also, not to overthrow the town of which you have spoken. 22“Hurry, escape there, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” Therefore the name of the town was called Zoar.

23The sun had risen over the earth when Lot came to Zoar. 24Then YHVH rained on Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from YHVH out of heaven, 25and He overthrew those cities, and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and what grew on the ground. 26But his wife, from behind him, looked back, and she became a pillar of salt.

27Now Abraham arose early in the morning and went to the place where he had stood before YHVH; 28and he looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the valley, and he saw, and behold, the smoke of the land ascended like the smoke of a furnace.

29Thus it came about, when God destroyed the cities of the valley, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of the overthrow, when He overthrew the cities in which Lot lived.

Genesis 19:1-29

Lot’s daughters produce the Moabites and Ammonites

 30Lot went up from Zoar, and stayed in the mountains, and his two daughters with him; for he was afraid to stay in Zoar; and he stayed in a cave, he and his two daughters. 31Then the firstborn said to the younger, “Our father is old, and there is not a man on earth to come in to us after the manner of the earth. 32“Come, let us make our father drink wine, and let us lie with him that we may preserve our family through our father.” 33So they made their father drink wine that night, and the firstborn went in and lay with her father; and he did not know when she lay down or when she arose.34On the following day, the firstborn said to the younger, “Behold, I lay last night with my father; let us make him drink wine tonight also; then you go in and lie with him, that we may preserve our family through our father.” 35So they made their father drink wine that night also, and the younger arose and lay with him; and he did not know when she lay down or when she arose. 36Thus both the daughters of Lot were with child by their father. 37The firstborn bore a son, and called his name Moab; he is the father of the Moabites to this day. 38As for the younger, she also bore a son, and called his name Ben-ammi; he is the father of the sons of Ammon to this day.

Genesis 19:30-38

Pharaoh Amenemhat II co-regent with Senusret I

Isaac Marries Rebekah

A Bride for Isaac

1Now Abraham was old, advanced in age [at least 141]; and YHVH had blessed Abraham in every way.2Abraham said to his servant, the oldest of his household, who had charge of all that he owned, “Please place your hand under my thigh, 3and I will make you swear by YHVH, the God of heaven and the God of earth, that you shall not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I live, 4but you will go to my country and to my relatives, and take a wife for my son Isaac.” 5The servant said to him, “Suppose the woman is not willing to follow me to this land; should I take your son back to the land from where you came?” 6Then Abraham said to him, “Beware that you do not take my son back there! 7“YHVH, the God of heaven, who took me from my father’s house and from the land of my birth, and who spoke to me and who swore to me, saying, ‘To your descendants I will give this land,’ He will send His angel before you, and you will take a wife for my son from there. 8“But if the woman is not willing to follow you, then you will be free from this my oath; only do not take my son back there.” 9So the servant placed his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master, and swore to him concerning this matter.

10Then the servant took ten camels from the camels of his master, and set out with a variety of good things of his master’s in his hand; and he arose and went to Mesopotamia, to the city of Nahor. 11He made the camels kneel down outside the city by the well of water at evening time, the time when women go out to draw water. 12He said, “O YHVH, the God of my master Abraham, please grant me success today, and show lovingkindness to my master Abraham. 13“Behold, I am standing by the spring, and the daughters of the men of the city are coming out to draw water; 14now may it be that the girl to whom I say, ‘Please let down your jar so that I may drink,’ and who answers, ‘Drink, and I will water your camels also’—may she be the one whom You have appointed for Your servant Isaac; and by this I will know that You have shown lovingkindness to my master.”

 

Rebekah Is Chosen

15Before he had finished speaking, behold, Rebekah who was born to Bethuel the son of Milcah, the wife of Abraham’s brother Nahor, came out with her jar on her shoulder. 16The girl was very beautiful, a virgin, and no man had had relations with her; and she went down to the spring and filled her jar and came up. 17Then the servant ran to meet her, and said, “Please let me drink a little water from your jar.” 18She said, “Drink, my lord”; and she quickly lowered her jar to her hand, and gave him a drink. 19Now when she had finished giving him a drink, she said, “I will draw also for your camels until they have finished drinking.” 20So she quickly emptied her jar into the trough, and ran back to the well to draw, and she drew for all his camels. 21Meanwhile, the man was gazing at her in silence, to know whether YHVH had made his journey successful or not.

22When the camels had finished drinking, the man took a gold ring weighing a half-shekel and two bracelets for her wrists weighing ten shekels in gold, 23and said, “Whose daughter are you? Please tell me, is there room for us to lodge in your father’s house?” 24She said to him, “I am the daughter of Bethuel, the son of Milcah, whom she bore to Nahor.” 25Again she said to him, “We have plenty of both straw and feed, and room to lodge in.” 26Then the man bowed low and worshiped YHVH. 27He said, “Blessed be YHVH, the God of my master Abraham, who has not forsaken His lovingkindness and His truth toward my master; as for me, YHVH has guided me in the way to the house of my master’s brothers.”

28Then the girl ran and told her mother’s household about these things. 29Now Rebekah had a brother whose name was Laban; and Laban ran outside to the man at the spring. 30When he saw the ring and the bracelets on his sister’s wrists, and when he heard the words of Rebekah his sister, saying, “This is what the man said to me,” he went to the man; and behold, he was standing by the camels at the spring. 31And he said, “Come in, blessed of YHVH! Why do you stand outside since I have prepared the house, and a place for the camels?” 32So the man entered the house. Then Laban unloaded the camels, and he gave straw and feed to the camels, and water to wash his feet and the feet of the men who were with him. 33But when food was set before him to eat, he said, “I will not eat until I have told my business.” And he said, “Speak on.” 34So he said, “I am Abraham’s servant. 35“YHVH has greatly blessed my master, so that he has become rich; and He has given him flocks and herds, and silver and gold, and servants and maids, and camels and donkeys.36“Now Sarah my master’s wife bore a son to my master in her old age, and he has given him all that he has. 37“My master made me swear, saying, ‘You shall not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I live; 38but you shall go to my father’s house and to my relatives, and take a wife for my son.’ 39“I said to my master, ‘Suppose the woman does not follow me.’ 40“He said to me, ‘YHVH, before whom I have walked, will send His angel with you to make your journey successful, and you will take a wife for my son from my relatives and from my father’s house; 41then you will be free from my oath, when you come to my relatives; and if they do not give her to you, you will be free from my oath.’

42“So I came today to the spring, and said, ‘O YHVH, the God of my master Abraham, if now You will make my journey on which I go successful; 43behold, I am standing by the spring, and may it be that the maiden who comes out to draw, and to whom I say, “Please let me drink a little water from your jar”; 44and she will say to me, “You drink, and I will draw for your camels also”; let her be the woman whom the LORD has appointed for my master’s son.’

45“Before I had finished speaking in my heart, behold, Rebekah came out with her jar on her shoulder, and went down to the spring and drew, and I said to her, ‘Please let me drink.’ 46“She quickly lowered her jar from her shoulder, and said, ‘Drink, and I will water your camels also’; so I drank, and she watered the camels also. 47“Then I asked her, and said, ‘Whose daughter are you?’ And she said, ‘The daughter of Bethuel, Nahor’s son, whom Milcah bore to him’; and I put the ring on her nose, and the bracelets on her wrists. 48“And I bowed low and worshiped YHVH, and blessed YHVH, the God of my master Abraham, who had guided me in the right way to take the daughter of my master’s kinsman for his son. 49“So now if you are going to deal kindly and truly with my master, tell me; and if not, let me know, that I may turn to the right hand or the left.”

50Then Laban and Bethuel replied, “The matter comes from YHVH; so we cannot speak to you bad or good. 51“Here is Rebekah before you, take her and go, and let her be the wife of your master’s son, as YHVH has spoken.”

52When Abraham’s servant heard their words, he bowed himself to the ground before YHVH.53The servant brought out articles of silver and articles of gold, and garments, and gave them to Rebekah; he also gave precious things to her brother and to her mother. 54Then he and the men who were with him ate and drank and spent the night. When they arose in the morning, he said, “Send me away to my master.” 55But her brother and her mother said, “Let the girl stay with us a few days, say ten; afterward she may go.” 56He said to them, “Do not delay me, since YHVH has prospered my way. Send me away that I may go to my master.” 57And they said, “We will call the girl and consult her wishes.” 58Then they called Rebekah and said to her, “Will you go with this man?” And she said, “I will go.” 59Thus they sent away their sister Rebekah and her nurse with Abraham’s servant and his men.

60They blessed Rebekah and said to her,
“May you, our sister,
Become thousands of ten thousands,
And may your descendants possess
The gate of those who hate them.”

61Then Rebekah arose with her maids, and they mounted the camels and followed the man. So the servant took Rebekah and departed.

 

Isaac Marries Rebekah

62Now Isaac had come from going to Beer-lahai-roi; for he was living in the Negev. 63Isaac went out to meditate in the field toward evening; and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, camels were coming. 64Rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw Isaac she dismounted from the camel. 65She said to the servant, “Who is that man walking in the field to meet us?” And the servant said, “He is my master.” Then she took her veil and covered herself. 66The servant told Isaac all the things that he had done. 67Then Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah’s tent, and he took Rebekah, and she became his wife, and he loved her; thus Isaac was comforted after his mother’s death.

Genesis 24

19Now these are the records of the generations of Isaac, Abraham’s son: Abraham became the father of Isaac; 20and Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean of Paddan-aram, the sister of Laban the Aramean, to be his wife.

Genesis 25:19-20

Pharaoh Khakheperre Senusret II sole reign

Death of Abraham

1Now Abraham took another wife, whose name was Keturah. 2She bore to him Zimran and Jokshan and Medan and Midian and Ishbak and Shuah. 3Jokshan became the father of Sheba and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were Asshurim and Letushim and Leummim. 4The sons of Midian were Ephah and Epher and Hanoch and Abida and Eldaah. All these were the sons of Keturah. 5Now Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac; 6but to the sons of his concubines, Abraham gave gifts while he was still living, and sent them away from his son Isaac eastward, to the land of the east.

7These are all the years of Abraham’s life that he lived, one hundred and seventy-five years.8Abraham breathed his last and died in a ripe old age, an old man and satisfied with life; and he was gathered to his people. 9Then his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite, facing Mamre, 10the field which Abraham purchased from the sons of Heth; there Abraham was buried with Sarah his wife. 11It came about after the death of Abraham, that God blessed his son Isaac; and Isaac lived by Beer-lahai-roi.

Genesis 25:1-11

  27When the boys grew up, Esau became a skillful hunter, a man of the field, but Jacob was a peaceful man, living in tents. 28Now Isaac loved Esau, because he had a taste for game, but Rebekah loved Jacob. 29When Jacob had cooked stew, Esau came in from the field and he was famished; 30and Esau said to Jacob, “Please let me have a swallow of that red stuff there, for I am famished.” Therefore his name was called Edom. 31But Jacob said, “First sell me your birthright.”32Esau said, “Behold, I am about to die; so of what use then is the birthright to me?” 33And Jacob said, “First swear to me”; so he swore to him, and sold his birthright to Jacob. 34Then Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil stew; and he ate and drank, and rose and went on his way. Thus Esau despised his birthright.

Genesis 25:27-34

Esau and Jacob were 14 the year their grandfather Abraham died.

Death of Ishmael

12Now these are the records of the generations of Ishmael, Abraham’s son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah’s maid, bore to Abraham; 13and these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, in the order of their birth: Nebaioth, the firstborn of Ishmael, and Kedar and Adbeel and Mibsam 14and Mishma and Dumah and Massa, 15Hadad and Tema, Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah.16These are the sons of Ishmael and these are their names, by their villages, and by their camps; twelve princes according to their tribes. 17These are the years of the life of Ishmael, one hundred and thirty-seven years; and he breathed his last and died, and was gathered to his people. 18They settled from Havilah to Shur which is east of Egypt as one goes toward Assyria; he settled in defiance of all his relatives.

Genesis 25:12-18

Pharoah Khakaure Senusret III succeeds Khakheperre Senusret II

The Berlin papyrus 10056, which was found at Illahun in the mortuary temple of Senuseret II, contains a series of 12 consecutive lunar observations over an 11-month period. The cycle starts on II Shemu 26, the dry season in the ancient Egyptian calendar. The cycle is dated to regnal years 30 & 31. A papyrus found nearby, ‘Papyrus Lahun IV, 1’ resolves in favour of a 12th Dynasty king – the reign of Amenemhat III in particular, son of Senuseret III and grandson of Senuseret II.

In Senuseret’s reign at the beginning of the 12th Dynasty a good Nile flood level was 12.5 metres (or 11.3 metres recorded at the Island of Elephantine). The average high flood level of Nile in this period was 12 metres above the low water mark. Record of high Nile flood levels remain in-situ with regnal years for the remaining 12th Dynasty reigns.

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10009 year 5 Reign of Senuseret III

David F Lappin

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10282 (2) year 6 Reign of Senuseret III

David F Lappin

Significant astronomical event involving star Sirius year 7 Reign of Senuseret III

Otherwise datable to the 7 year of co-reign with his son Amenemhat III 

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10130 (2) year 8 Reign of Senuseret III

David F Lappin

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10003 (E) year 9 Reign of Senuseret III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10412 year 11 Reign of Senuseret III

David F Lappin

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10248 (F) year 14 Reign of Senuseret III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10011 year 16 Reign of Senuseret III

David F Lappin

7It came about after these events that his master’s wife looked with desire at Joseph, and she said, “Lie with me.” 8But he refused and said to his master’s wife, “Behold, with me here, my master does not concern himself with anything in the house, and he has put all that he owns in my charge. 9“There is no one greater in this house than I, and he has withheld nothing from me except you, because you are his wife. How then could I do this great evil and sin against God?” 10As she spoke to Joseph day after day, he did not listen to her to lie beside her or be with her.11Now it happened one day that he went into the house to do his work, and none of the men of the household was there inside. 12She caught him by his garment, saying, “Lie with me!” And he left his garment in her hand and fled, and went outside. 13When she saw that he had left his garment in her hand and had fled outside, 14she called to the men of her household and said to them, “See, he has brought in a Hebrew to us to make sport of us; he came in to me to lie with me, and I screamed. 15“When he heard that I raised my voice and screamed, he left his garment beside me and fled and went outside.” 16So she left his garment beside her until his master came home. 17Then she spoke to him with these words, “The Hebrew slave, whom you brought to us, came in to me to make sport of me; 18and as I raised my voice and screamed, he left his garment beside me and fled outside.”

Joseph Imprisoned

      19Now when his master heard the words of his wife, which she spoke to him, saying, “This is what your slave did to me,” his anger burned. 20So Joseph’s master took him and put him into the jail, the place where the king’s prisoners were confined; and he was there in the jail. 21But YHVH was with Joseph and extended kindness to him, and gave him favour in the sight of the chief jailer. 22The chief jailer committed to Joseph’s charge all the prisoners who were in the jail; so that whatever was done there, he was responsible for it.23The chief jailer did not supervise anything under Joseph’s charge because YHVH was with him; and whatever he did, YHVH made to prosper.

Genesis 39:7:23

Amenemhat III co-regent with Khakaure Senusret III

Joseph Interprets Dreams in Prison

1Then it came about after these things, the cupbearer and the baker for the king of Egypt offended their lord, the king of Egypt. 2Pharaoh was furious with his two officials, the chief cupbearer and the chief baker. 3So he put them in confinement in the house of the captain of the bodyguard, in the jail, the same place where Joseph was imprisoned. 4The captain of the bodyguard put Joseph in charge of them, and he took care of them; and they were in confinement for some time. 5Then the cupbearer and the baker for the king of Egypt, who were confined in jail, both had a dream the same night, each man with his own dream and each dream with its own interpretation. 6When Joseph came to them in the morning and observed them, behold, they were dejected. 7He asked Pharaoh’s officials who were with him in confinement in his master’s house, “Why are your faces so sad today?” 8Then they said to him, “We have had a dream and there is no one to interpret it.” Then Joseph said to them, “Do not interpretations belong to God? Tell it to me, please.”

9So the chief cupbearer told his dream to Joseph, and said to him, “In my dream, behold, there was a vine in front of me; 10and on the vine were three branches. And as it was budding, its blossoms came out, and its clusters produced ripe grapes. 11“Now Pharaoh’s cup was in my hand; so I took the grapes and squeezed them into Pharaoh’s cup, and I put the cup into Pharaoh’s hand.”12Then Joseph said to him, “This is the interpretation of it: the three branches are three days;13within three more days Pharaoh will lift up your head and restore you to your office; and you will put Pharaoh’s cup into his hand according to your former custom when you were his cupbearer.14“Only keep me in mind when it goes well with you, and please do me a kindness by mentioning me to Pharaoh and get me out of this house. 15“For I was in fact kidnapped from the land of the Hebrews, and even here I have done nothing that they should have put me into the dungeon.”

16When the chief baker saw that he had interpreted favorably, he said to Joseph, “I also saw in my dream, and behold, there were three baskets of white bread on my head; 17and in the top basket there were some of all sorts of baked food for Pharaoh, and the birds were eating them out of the basket on my head.” 18Then Joseph answered and said, “This is its interpretation: the three baskets are three days; 19within three more days Pharaoh will lift up your head from you and will hang you on a tree, and the birds will eat your flesh off you.”

20Thus it came about on the third day, which was Pharaoh’s birthday, that he made a feast for all his servants; and he lifted up the head of the chief cupbearer and the head of the chief baker among his servants. 21He restored the chief cupbearer to his office, and he put the cup into Pharaoh’s hand;22but he hanged the chief baker, just as Joseph had interpreted to them. 23Yet the chief cupbearer did not remember Joseph, but forgot him.

Genesis 40

Surviving High Nile Record 9th year of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance  Text 10166 year 9 Co-Reign of Amenemhat III

Pharaoh names Joseph Zaphenath-Pa’aneah

The original was probably: ‘Zat-en-aph‘ which sounds in Egyptian as Djed(u)-en-ef a common phrase meaning; “he who is called”.

‘aneah’ represents the Egyptian word ankh meaning ‘life’ or ankhu meaning ‘is alive’.

The ‘Pa’ or ‘Pi’ element stands for Egyptian Ipi or Ipu. It was common in this Middle Kingdom period, especially in the notable Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 to give Asiatic and other foreigners, Egyptian names, but not any later.

Thus we have the phrase “Joseph who is called Ipiankh(u)”

Kenneth A. Kitchen 1993

If however the name Ishpi featured in Exercration Texts was the name ‘Yaseph’ (Joseph/Yusef) then its possible ‘Pa’aneah’ is not (I)piankhu but rather (Ish)piankhu – meaning ‘Joseph lives!’ – an appropriate name for someone who’s story included a father who thought him dead, but had been found alive in Pharaoh’s prison.

David Rohl 1995

 1Now it happened at the end of two full years that Pharaoh had a dream, and behold, he was standing by the Nile. 2And lo, from the Nile there came up seven cows, sleek and fat; and they grazed in the marsh grass. 3Then behold, seven other cows came up after them from the Nile, ugly and gaunt, and they stood by the other cows on the bank of the Nile. 4The ugly and gaunt cows ate up the seven sleek and fat cows. Then Pharaoh awoke. 5He fell asleep and dreamed a second time; and behold, seven ears of grain came up on a single stalk, plump and good. 6Then behold, seven ears, thin and scorched by the east wind, sprouted up after them. 7The thin ears swallowed up the seven plump and full ears. Then Pharaoh awoke, and behold, it was a dream. 8Now in the morning his spirit was troubled, so he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and all its wise men. And Pharaoh told them his dreams, but there was no one who could interpret them to Pharaoh.

9Then the chief cupbearer spoke to Pharaoh, saying, “I would make mention today of my ownoffenses. 10“Pharaoh was furious with his servants, and he put me in confinement in the house of the captain of the bodyguard, both me and the chief baker. 11“We had a dream on the same night, he and I; each of us dreamed according to the interpretation of his own dream. 12“Now a Hebrew youth was with us there [age 28], a servant of the captain of the bodyguard, and we related them to him, and he interpreted our dreams for us. To each one he interpreted according to his own dream. 13“And just as he interpreted for us, so it happened; he restored me in my office, but he hanged him.”

 

Joseph Interprets

14Then Pharaoh sent and called for Joseph, and they hurriedly brought him out of the dungeon; and when he had shaved himself and changed his clothes, he came to Pharaoh. 15Pharaoh said to Joseph, “I have had a dream, but no one can interpret it; and I have heard it said about you, that when you hear a dream you can interpret it.” 16Joseph then answered Pharaoh, saying, “It is not in me; God will give Pharaoh a favorable answer.” 17So Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, “In my dream, behold, I was standing on the bank of the Nile; 18and behold, seven cows, fat and sleek came up out of the Nile, and they grazed in the marsh grass. 19“Lo, seven other cows came up after them, poor and very ugly and gaunt, such as I had never seen for ugliness in all the land of Egypt; 20and the lean and ugly cows ate up the first seven fat cows. 21“Yet when they had devoured them, it could not be detected that they had devoured them, for they were just as ugly as before. Then I awoke.22“I saw also in my dream, and behold, seven ears, full and good, came up on a single stalk; 23and lo, seven ears, withered, thin, and scorched by the east wind, sprouted up after them; 24and the thin ears swallowed the seven good ears. Then I told it to the magicians, but there was no one who could explain it to me.”

25Now Joseph said to Pharaoh, “Pharaoh’s dreams are one and the same; God has told to Pharaoh what He is about to do. 26“The seven good cows are seven years; and the seven good ears are seven years; the dreams are one and the same. 27“The seven lean and ugly cows that came up after them are seven years, and the seven thin ears scorched by the east wind will be seven years of famine. 28“It is as I have spoken to Pharaoh: God has shown to Pharaoh what He is about to do.29“Behold, seven years of great abundance are coming in all the land of Egypt; 30and after them seven years of famine will come, and all the abundance will be forgotten in the land of Egypt, and the famine will ravage the land. 31“So the abundance will be unknown in the land because of that subsequent famine; for it will be very severe. 32“Now as for the repeating of the dream to Pharaoh twice, it means that the matter is determined by God, and God will quickly bring it about. 33“Now let Pharaoh look for a man discerning and wise, and set him over the land of Egypt. 34“Let Pharaoh take action to appoint overseers in charge of the land, and let him exact a fifth of the produce of the land of Egypt in the seven years of abundance. 35“Then let them gather all the food of these good years that are coming, and store up the grain for food in the cities under Pharaoh’s authority, and let them guard it. 36“Let the food become as a reserve for the land for the seven years of famine which will occur in the land of Egypt, so that the land will not perish during the famine.”

37Now the proposal seemed good to Pharaoh and to all his servants.

 

Joseph Is Made a Ruler of Egypt

38Then Pharaoh said to his servants, “Can we find a man like this, in whom is a divine spirit?”39So Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Since God has informed you of all this, there is no one so discerning and wise as you are. 40“You shall be over my house, and according to your command all my people shall do homage; only in the throne I will be greater than you.” 41Pharaoh said to Joseph, “See, I have set you over all the land of Egypt.” 42Then Pharaoh took off his signet ring from his hand and put it on Joseph’s hand, and clothed him in garments of fine linen and put the gold necklace around his neck. 43He had him ride in his second chariot; and they proclaimed before him, “Bow the knee!” And he set him over all the land of Egypt. 44Moreover, Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Though I am Pharaoh, yet without your permission no one shall raise his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt.”45Then Pharaoh named Joseph Zaphenath-paneah; and he gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, as his wife. And Joseph went forth over the land of Egypt.

46Now Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh, king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh and went through all the land of Egypt.

Genesis 41:1-46

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10018 year 10 Co-Reign of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10344 year 11 Co-Reign of Amenemhat III

Surviving 18m High Nile Record 14th year of Amenemhat III

Joseph’s 1st Year of Famine

A surviving high flood record in Amenemhat III 20th year show the flood levels rose to an average of 21 metres for the next 6 years or so. These would certainly have been disastrous floods with three to four times the volume of water in the Nile, bringing destruction and leaving the land inundated for successive months. Especially if this was a serial event year after year, the fields would have been destroyed and could not have been replanted for a long period of time. The second decade of Amenemhat’s reign coincided with Joseph’s prophecy of the coming famine.

 53When the seven years of plenty which had been in the land of Egypt came to an end, 54and the seven years of famine began to come, just as Joseph had said, then there was famine in all the lands, but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. 55So when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried out to Pharaoh for bread; and Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians, “Go to Joseph; whatever he says to you, you shall do.” 56When the famine was spread over all the face of the earth, then Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold to the Egyptians; and the famine was severe in the land of Egypt. 57The people of all the earth came to Egypt to buy grain from Joseph, because the famine was severe in all the earth.

Genesis  41:53-57

Joseph’s Brothers Sent to Egypt

1Now Jacob saw that there was grain in Egypt, and Jacob said to his sons, “Why are you staring at one another?” 2He said, “Behold, I have heard that there is grain in Egypt; go down there and buy some for us from that place, so that we may live and not die.” 3Then ten brothers of Joseph went down to buy grain from Egypt. 4But Jacob did not send Joseph’s brother Benjamin with his brothers, for he said, “I am afraid that harm may befall him.” 5So the sons of Israel came to buy grain among those who were coming, for the famine was in the land of Canaan also.

6Now Joseph was the ruler over the land; he was the one who sold to all the people of the land. And Joseph’s brothers came and bowed down to him with their faces to the ground. 7When Joseph saw his brothers he recognized them, but he disguised himself to them and spoke to them harshly. And he said to them, “Where have you come from?” And they said, “From the land of Canaan, to buy food.”

8But Joseph had recognized his brothers, although they did not recognize him. 9Joseph remembered the dreams which he had about them, and said to them, “You are spies; you have come to look at the undefended parts of our land.” 10Then they said to him, “No, my lord, but your servants have come to buy food. 11“We are all sons of one man; we are honest men, your servants are not spies.” 12Yet he said to them, “No, but you have come to look at the undefended parts of our land!” 13But they said, “Your servants are twelve brothers in all, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and behold, the youngest is with our father today, and one is no longer alive.” 14Joseph said to them, “It is as I said to you, you are spies; 15by this you will be tested: by the life of Pharaoh, you shall not go from this place unless your youngest brother comes here! 16“Send one of you that he may get your brother, while you remain confined, that your words may be tested, whether there is truth in you. But if not, by the life of Pharaoh, surely you are spies.” 17So he put them all together in prison for three days.

18Now Joseph said to them on the third day, “Do this and live, for I fear God: 19if you are honest men, let one of your brothers be confined in your prison; but as for the rest of you, go, carry grain for the famine of your households, 20and bring your youngest brother to me, so your words may be verified, and you will not die.” And they did so. 21Then they said to one another, “Truly we are guilty concerning our brother, because we saw the distress of his soul when he pleaded with us, yet we would not listen; therefore this distress has come upon us.” 22Reuben answered them, saying, “Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy’; and you would not listen? Now comes the reckoning for his blood.” 23They did not know, however, that Joseph understood, for there was an interpreter between them. 24He turned away from them and wept. But when he returned to them and spoke to them, he took Simeon from them and bound him before their eyes. 25Then Joseph gave orders to fill their bags with grain and to restore every man’s money in his sack, and to give them provisions for the journey. And thus it was done for them.

26So they loaded their donkeys with their grain and departed from there. 27As one of them opened his sack to give his donkey fodder at the lodging place, he saw his money; and behold, it was in the mouth of his sack. 28Then he said to his brothers, “My money has been returned, and behold, it is even in my sack.” And their hearts sank, and they turned trembling to one another, saying, “What is this that God has done to us?”

 

Simeon Is Held Hostage

29When they came to their father Jacob in the land of Canaan, they told him all that had happened to them, saying, 30“The man, the lord of the land, spoke harshly with us, and took us for spies of the country. 31“But we said to him, ‘We are honest men; we are not spies. 32‘We are twelve brothers, sons of our father; one is no longer alive, and the youngest is with our father today in the land of Canaan.’ 33“The man, the lord of the land, said to us, ‘By this I will know that you are honest men: leave one of your brothers with me and take grain for the famine of your households, and go.34‘But bring your youngest brother to me that I may know that you are not spies, but honest men. I will give your brother to you, and you may trade in the land.’”

35Now it came about as they were emptying their sacks, that behold, every man’s bundle of money was in his sack; and when they and their father saw their bundles of money, they were dismayed. 36Their father Jacob said to them, “You have bereaved me of my children: Joseph is no more, and Simeon is no more, and you would take Benjamin; all these things are against me.”37Then Reuben spoke to his father, saying, “You may put my two sons to death if I do not bring him back to you; put him in my care, and I will return him to you.” 38But Jacob said, “My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he alone is left. If harm should befall him on the journey you are taking, then you will bring my gray hair down to Sheol in sorrow.”

Genesis 42

Jacob Moves to Egypt

1So Israel set out with all that he had, and came to Beersheba, and offered sacrifices to the God of his father Isaac. 2God spoke to Israel in visions of the night and said, “Jacob, Jacob.” And he said, “Here I am.” 3He said, “I am God, the God of your father; do not be afraid to go down to Egypt, for I will make you a great nation there. 4“I will go down with you to Egypt, and I will also surely bring you up again; and Joseph will close your eyes.”

5Then Jacob arose from Beersheba; and the sons of Israel carried their father Jacob and their little ones and their wives in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. 6They took their livestock and their property, which they had acquired in the land of Canaan, and came to Egypt, Jacob and all his descendants with him: 7his sons and his grandsons with him, his daughters and his granddaughters, and all his descendants he brought with him to Egypt.

 

Those Who Came to Egypt

8Now these are the names of the sons of Israel, Jacob and his sons, who went to Egypt: Reuben, Jacob’s firstborn. 9The sons of Reuben: Hanoch and Pallu and Hezron and Carmi. 10The sons of Simeon: Jemuel and Jamin and Ohad and Jachin and Zohar and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman. 11The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. 12The sons of Judah: Er and Onan and Shelah and Perez and Zerah (but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan). And the sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul. 13The sons of Issachar: Tola and Puvvah and Iob and Shimron. 14The sons of Zebulun: Sered and Elon and Jahleel. 15These are the sons of Leah, whom she bore to Jacob in Paddan-aram, with his daughter Dinah; all his sons and his daughters numbered thirty-three. 16The sons of Gad: Ziphion and Haggi, Shuni and Ezbon, Eri and Arodi and Areli. 17The sons of Asher: Imnah and Ishvah and Ishvi and Beriah and their sister Serah. And the sons of Beriah: Heber and Malchiel. 18These are the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban gave to his daughter Leah; and she bore to Jacob these sixteen persons. 19The sons of Jacob’s wife Rachel: Joseph and Benjamin.20Now to Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and Ephraim, whom Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, priest of On, bore to him. 21The sons of Benjamin: Bela and Becher and Ashbel, Gera and Naaman, Ehi and Rosh, Muppim and Huppim and Ard. 22These are the sons of Rachel, who were born to Jacob; there were fourteen persons in all. 23The sons of Dan: Hushim.24The sons of Naphtali: Jahzeel and Guni and Jezer and Shillem. 25These are the sons of Bilhah, whom Laban gave to his daughter Rachel, and she bore these to Jacob; there were seven persons in all. 26All the persons belonging to Jacob, who came to Egypt, his direct descendants, not including the wives of Jacob’s sons, were sixty-six persons in all, 27and the sons of Joseph, who were born to him in Egypt were two; all the persons of the house of Jacob, who came to Egypt, were seventy.

28Now he sent Judah before him to Joseph, to point out the way before him to Goshen; and they came into the land of Goshen. 29Joseph prepared his chariot and went up to Goshen to meet his father Israel; as soon as he appeared before him, he fell on his neck and wept on his neck a long time. 30Then Israel said to Joseph, “Now let me die, since I have seen your face, that you are still alive.” 31Joseph said to his brothers and to his father’s household, “I will go up and tell Pharaoh, and will say to him, ‘My brothers and my father’s household, who were in the land of Canaan, have come to me; 32and the men are shepherds, for they have been keepers of livestock; and they have brought their flocks and their herds and all that they have.’ 33“When Pharaoh calls you and says, ‘What is your occupation?’ 34you shall say, ‘Your servants have been keepers of livestock from our youth even until now, both we and our fathers,’ that you may live in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is loathsome to the Egyptians.”

Genesis 46

Jacob’s Family Settles in Goshen

1Then Joseph went in and told Pharaoh, and said, “My father and my brothers and their flocks and their herds and all that they have, have come out of the land of Canaan; and behold, they are in the land of Goshen.” 2He took five men from among his brothers and presented them to Pharaoh.3Then Pharaoh said to his brothers, “What is your occupation?” So they said to Pharaoh, “Your servants are shepherds, both we and our fathers.” 4They said to Pharaoh, “We have come to sojourn in the land, for there is no pasture for your servants’ flocks, for the famine is severe in the land of Canaan. Now, therefore, please let your servants live in the land of Goshen.”* 5Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Your father and your brothers have come to you. 6“The land of Egypt is at your disposal; settle your father and your brothers in the best of the land, let them live in the land of Goshen; and if you know any capable men among them, then put them in charge of my livestock.”

7Then Joseph brought his father Jacob and presented him to Pharaoh; and Jacob blessed Pharaoh. 8Pharaoh said to Jacob, “How many years have you lived?” 9So Jacob said to Pharaoh, “The years of my sojourning are one hundred and thirty; few and unpleasant have been the years of my life, nor have they attained the years that my fathers lived during the days of their sojourning.”10And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from his presence. 11So Joseph settled his father and his brothers and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses**, as Pharaoh had ordered. 12Joseph provided his father and his brothers and all his father’s household with food, according to their little ones.

Genesis 47:1-12

* Skeletal remains of the livestock found in the compound area of Rowarty (Goshen) shows Asiatic settlers introduced the long-haired step into the Nile delta at this time.

** An anachronism, as the later city of Pi-Ramese was built over the settlement of Avaris “Estate” or “House of the Department” as it became known at this point in Egypt’s Second intermediate Period. This area’s earliest recorded name was Rowarty “mouth of the Two ways”.

Joseph gathers all livestock of Egypt

15When the money was all spent in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, all the Egyptians came to Joseph and said, “Give us food, for why should we die in your presence? For our money is gone.” 16Then Joseph said, “Give up your livestock, and I will give you food for your livestock, since your money is gone.” 17So they brought their livestock to Joseph, and Joseph gave them food in exchange for the horses and the flocks and the herds and the donkeys; and he fed them with food in exchange for all their livestock that year.

Genesis 47:15-17

Surviving High Nile Record 22nd year of Amenemhat III, 1st of Sole Reign

Surviving 19m High Nile Record 24th year of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance  Text 10052 year 24 Reign of Amenemhat III

Start 7 years excessive rain leads to Anatolia ring 854 anomaly of 1649 BC

The ring 854 anomaly is not a direct record of a flood, but of excessive rain in Anatolia lasting 7 years. Tree rings were of size of 1 in 100 year outliers, only every year for seven years. downstream Mesopotamia crops were probably destroyed by floods repeatedly 1654-1648 BC

Ring 856, the 3rd and by far widest ring, grew in 1647 BC.

Amenemhat IV becomes co-regent, Surviving 21m High Nile Record 30th year of Amenemhat III

After Amenemhat III’s thirtieth year the flood records returned to normal ‘good’ 17m flood levels.

Illahun Lunar Disappearance  Text 10056 (D1) year 30 Reign of Amenemhat III

Nehktisonb the son of Meket, is mentioned on the Berlin Papyrus 10056 as being on duty from II Shemu 26 to III Shemu 25 in Year 30.

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10056 (D3) year 30 Reign of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10056 (D5) year 31 Reign of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10056 (D7) year 31 Reign of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10056 (D9) year 31 Reign of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance Text 10056 (D11) year 31 Reign of Amenemhat III

Surviving 20.5m High Nile Record 32nd year of Amenemhat III

Illahun Lunar Disappearance  Text 10006 (C1) year 32 Reign of Amenemhat III

Death of Jacob

 27Now Israel lived in the land of Egypt, in Goshen, and they acquired property in it and were fruitful and became very numerous. 28Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years; so the length of Jacob’s life was one hundred and forty-seven years.

29When the time for Israel to die drew near, he called his son Joseph and said to him, “Please, if I have found favor in your sight, place now your hand under my thigh and deal with me in kindness and faithfulness. Please do not bury me in Egypt, 30but when I lie down with my fathers, you shall carry me out of Egypt and bury me in their burial place.” And he said, “I will do as you have said.”31He said, “Swear to me.” So he swore to him. Then Israel bowed in worship at the head of the bed.

Genesis 47:27-31

 1Now it came about after these things that Joseph was told, “Behold, your father is sick.” So he took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him. 2When it was told to Jacob, “Behold, your son Joseph has come to you,” Israel collected his strength and sat up in the bed. 3Then Jacob said to Joseph, “God Almighty appeared to me at Luz in the land of Canaan and blessed me, 4and He said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful and numerous, and I will make you a company of peoples, and will give this land to your descendants after you for an everlasting possession.’ 5“Now your two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you in Egypt, are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh shall be mine, as Reuben and Simeon are. 6“But your offspring that have been born after them shall be yours; they shall be called by the names of their brothers in their inheritance.7“Now as for me, when I came from Paddan, Rachel died, to my sorrow, in the land of Canaan on the journey, when there was still some distance to go to Ephrath; and I buried her there on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem).”

8When Israel saw Joseph’s sons, he said, “Who are these?” 9Joseph said to his father, “They are my sons, whom God has given me here.” So he said, “Bring them to me, please, that I may bless them.” 10Now the eyes of Israel were so dim from age that he could not see. Then Joseph brought them close to him, and he kissed them and embraced them. 11Israel said to Joseph, “I never expected to see your face, and behold, God has let me see your children as well.” 12Then Joseph took them from his knees, and bowed with his face to the ground. 13Joseph took them both, Ephraim with his right hand toward Israel’s left, and Manasseh with his left hand toward Israel’s right, and brought them close to him. 14But Israel stretched out his right hand and laid it on the head of Ephraim, who was the younger, and his left hand on Manasseh’s head, crossing his hands, although Manasseh was the firstborn.

15He blessed Joseph, and said,
“The God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked,
The God who has been my shepherd all my life to this day,

16The angel who has redeemed me from all evil,
Bless the lads;
And may my name live on in them,
And the names of my fathers Abraham and Isaac;
And may they grow into a multitude in the midst of the earth.”

17When Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand on Ephraim’s head, it displeased him; and he grasped his father’s hand to remove it from Ephraim’s head to Manasseh’s head. 18Joseph said to his father, “Not so, my father, for this one is the firstborn. Place your right hand on his head.”19But his father refused and said, “I know, my son, I know; he also will become a people and he also will be great. However, his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his descendants shall become a multitude of nations.”

20He blessed them that day, saying,
“By you Israel will pronounce blessing, saying,
‘May God make you like Ephraim and Manasseh!’”
Thus he put Ephraim before Manasseh.

21Then Israel said to Joseph, “Behold, I am about to die, but God will be with you, and bring you back to the land of your fathers. 22“I give you one portion more than your brothers, which I took from the hand of the Amorite with my sword and my bow.”

Genesis 48

1Then Jacob summoned his sons and said, “Assemble yourselves that I may tell you what will befall you in the days to come.

2“Gather together and hear, O sons of Jacob;
And listen to Israel your father.

3“Reuben, you are my firstborn;
My might and the beginning of my strength,
Preeminent in dignity and preeminent in power.

4“Uncontrolled as water, you shall not have preeminence,
Because you went up to your father’s bed;
Then you defiled it—he went up to my couch.

5“Simeon and Levi are brothers;
Their swords are implements of violence.

6“Let my soul not enter into their council;
Let not my glory be united with their assembly;
Because in their anger they slew men,
And in their self-will they lamed oxen.

7“Cursed be their anger, for it is fierce;
And their wrath, for it is cruel.
I will disperse them in Jacob,
And scatter them in Israel.

8“Judah, your brothers shall praise you;
Your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies;
Your father’s sons shall bow down to you.

9“Judah is a lion’s whelp;
From the prey, my son, you have gone up.
He couches, he lies down as a lion,
And as a lion, who dares rouse him up?

10“The scepter shall not depart from Judah,
Nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,
Until Shiloh comes,
And to him shall be the obedience of the peoples.

11“He ties his foal to the vine,
And his donkey’s colt to the choice vine;
He washes his garments in wine,
And his robes in the blood of grapes.

12“His eyes are dull from wine,
And his teeth white from milk.

13“Zebulun will dwell at the seashore;
And he shall be a haven for ships,
And his flank shall be toward Sidon.

14“Issachar is a strong donkey,
Lying down between the sheepfolds.

15“When he saw that a resting place was good
And that the land was pleasant,
He bowed his shoulder to bear burdens,
And became a slave at forced labour.

16“Dan shall judge his people,
As one of the tribes of Israel.

17“Dan shall be a serpent in the way,
A horned snake in the path,
That bites the horse’s heels,
So that his rider falls backward.

18“For Your salvation I wait, O YHVH.

19“As for Gad, raiders shall raid him,
But he will raid at their heels.

20“As for Asher, his food shall be rich,
And he will yield royal dainties.

21“Naphtali is a doe let loose,
He gives beautiful words.

22“Joseph is a fruitful bough,
A fruitful bough by a spring;
Its branches run over a wall.

23“The archers bitterly attacked him,
And shot at him and harassed him;

24But his bow remained firm,
And his arms were agile,
From the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob
(From there is the Shepherd, the Stone of Israel),

25From the God of your father who helps you,
And by the Almighty who blesses you
With blessings of heaven above,
Blessings of the deep that lies beneath,
Blessings of the breasts and of the womb.

26“The blessings of your father
Have surpassed the blessings of my ancestors
Up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills;
May they be on the head of Joseph,
And on the crown of the head of the one distinguished among his brothers.

[see also Moses blessing on tribe of Joseph and Benjamin in Deuteronomy 33:17 and 12]

27“Benjamin is a ravenous wolf;
In the morning he devours the prey,
And in the evening he divides the spoil.”

28All these are the twelve tribes of Israel, and this is what their father said to them when he blessed them. He blessed them, every one with the blessing appropriate to him. 29Then he charged them and said to them, “I am about to be gathered to my people; bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite, 30in the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought along with the field from Ephron the Hittite for a burial site. 31“There they buried Abraham and his wife Sarah, there they buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah, and there I buried Leah— 32the field and the cave that is in it, purchased from the sons of Heth.” 33When Jacob finished charging his sons, he drew his feet into the bed and breathed his last, and was gathered to his people.

Genesis 49

 1Then Joseph fell on his father’s face, and wept over him and kissed him. 2Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his father. So the physicians embalmed Israel. 3Now forty days were required for it, for such is the period required for embalming. And the Egyptians wept for him seventy days.

4When the days of mourning for him were past, Joseph spoke to the household of Pharaoh, saying, “If now I have found favor in your sight, please speak to Pharaoh, saying, 5‘My father made me swear, saying, “Behold, I am about to die; in my grave which I dug for myself in the land of Canaan, there you shall bury me.” Now therefore, please let me go up and bury my father; then I will return.’” 6Pharaoh said, “Go up and bury your father, as he made you swear.”

7So Joseph went up to bury his father, and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his household and all the elders of the land of Egypt, 8and all the household of Joseph and his brothers and his father’s household; they left only their little ones and their flocks and their herds in the land of Goshen. 9There also went up with him both chariots and horsemen; and it was a very great company. 10When they came to the threshing floor of Atad, which is beyond the Jordan, they lamented there with a very great and sorrowful lamentation; and he observed seven days mourning for his father. 11Now when the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the mourning at the threshing floor of Atad, they said, “This is a grievous mourning for the Egyptians.” Therefore it was named Abel-mizraim, which is beyond the Jordan.

 

Burial at Machpelah

12Thus his sons did for him as he had charged them; 13for his sons carried him to the land of Canaan and buried him in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre, which Abraham had bought along with the field for a burial site from Ephron the Hittite. 14After he had buried his father, Joseph returned to Egypt, he and his brothers, and all who had gone up with him to bury his father.

15When Joseph’s brothers saw that their father was dead, they said, “What if Joseph bears a grudge against us and pays us back in full for all the wrong which we did to him!” 16So they sent a message to Joseph, saying, “Your father charged before he died, saying, 17‘Thus you shall say to Joseph, “Please forgive, I beg you, the transgression of your brothers and their sin, for they did you wrong.”’ And now, please forgive the transgression of the servants of the God of your father.” And Joseph wept when they spoke to him. 18Then his brothers also came and fell down before him and said, “Behold, we are your servants.” 19But Joseph said to them, “Do not be afraid, for am I in God’s place? 20“As for you, you meant evil against me, but God meant it for good in order to bring about this present result, to preserve many people alive. 21“So therefore, do not be afraid; I will provide for you and your little ones.” So he comforted them and spoke kindly to them.

Genesis 50:1-21

Surviving 18m High ‘good flood’ Nile Record 37th year of Amenemhat III

Surviving 18m High ‘good flood’ Nile Record 41st year of Amenemhat III

King Rim-Sîn I of Larsa 1st 1/2 year of reign

Pharaoh Queen Sobekneferu succeeds Amenemhat III

The next six Pharoahs following Amenemhat have Sobek in their name – Sobek is name of the “crocodile God”. Egyptian pharaohs often added to their name, the names of the gods they were seeking to appease. This series of pharaohs with the additional name “sobek” suggests an attempt to appease the river gods and the concern of the leaders for the successive years of high water levels on the Nile.

During this period, the reigns of the pharoahs following Amenemhat III began a series of very short reigns, indicating political instability.

Pharaoh Khutawyre Wegaf succeeds Queen Sobekneferu

14th 1/2 year of Rim-Sîn I

“Year the armies of Uruk, Isin, Babylon, Sutum, Rapiqum, and of Irdanene,^{[nb 1]} the king of Uruk, were smitten with weapons.”

18th 1/2 year of Rim-Sîn I occupied Zibnatum

21st 1/2 year Rim-Sîn I occupied Kisarra and destroyed Der

Pharaoh Sekhemkare dies, Surviving 19m High ‘good flood’ Nile Record 4th year of Sekhemkare

After Pharoah Sekhemkare’s reign high floods stopped.

Pharaoh Ameny Qemau succeeds Sekhemkare Amenemhat V

9th year of Zimri-Lim King of Mari mentions Yantin-Ammu King of Byblos

A gift of a gold cup from Yantin-Ammu King of Byblos is amongst an inventory of  presents received by Zimri-Lim King of Mari

Pharaoh Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef (Sehetepibre I) succeeds Ameny Qemau

Pharaoh Iufni succeeds Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef (Sehetepibre I)

Very short reign

Island of Thera eruption

Earliest date supposed for Major explosive eruption of the (Minoan) Aegean volcanic island of Thera (Santorini)

Ancient legends from Mediterranean region among Greek, Hurrian-Hittite and as far away as Canaanite versions that caused agricultural failures there, correspond to the two eruptions events of Vesuvius and Thera eruptions presented as a tale of a two-round fight with a lull, between superior beings, where the “blood” of a god falls as red ash over land, streams, lakes and sea.

The distance from Vesuvius to the Nile delta is roughly 1,200 miles (1,900km)

Radiocarbon evidence puts the eruption between 1627 and 1600 BC (2s, 95% confidence)

We have found a branch from an olive tree that was buried alive in tephra on Santorini, with branches of the crown partly preserved in life position. The horizontal position of the seven molds of branches in the pumice 1 to 3 m above its base and remnants of olive leaves and twigs covered by the pumice further support our claim that the olive was buried alive. … we determined the calibrated age range of the outermost ring to 1621–1605 B.C. (1σ, 68% confidence) or 1627–1600 B.C. (2σ, 95% confidence). Even when we take into account an uncertainty of 50% in the ring count, potentially caused by growth irregularities of olive, these limits are increased by only a decade.

Hammurabi turned against Rim-Sin I for refused support in war against Elam

Death of Rim-Sîn I of Larsa

Zimri-Addu added in 27 158 information that they brought Rim-Sin and his belongings to Babylon….. Zimri-Addu had been instructed by Zimri-Lin to bring the Mariote and the Babylonian troops that had been promised by Hammu-Rabi to Mari as soon as Larsa fell. He quoted this instruction in 27 157, and, while he did not state that he was unable or felt unable to do so, this must have been the case… he wrote in 27 158 to report that the Babylonian army was taking down the defenses of Larsa… It appears that Hammu-Rabi was not ready or willing to send the Mariote troops home or to send a contingent of his own shock troops along.

Wolfgang Heimpel, ibid., pp. 155-6

For comparison, this is Van De Miercoop’s synopsis of the same letters:

So, Rim-Sin was able to escape, but not for long. Another letter announces that he was captured and sent to Babylon together with members of his entourage. Hammurabi tore down the city walls of Larsa, but did not raze the city.

Marc Van De Miercoop, King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography (2008), p. 35

King Hammurabi of Babylon defeats cities of Mari & Malgium

Year in which Hammu-rabi the king by the orders of An and Enlil destroyed the city walls of Mari and Malgium

RlA 2 180, 137)

Year the city walls of Mari and Malgium

TCL 1 101

Destroying the palace of King Zimrilim of Mari now known as north east Syria where an archive of 25,000 cuneiform tablets were unearthed by French archaeologist Andre Parrot in 1933.

Pharaoh Nedjemibre succeeds Sewadjkare I

circa 7 month reign

Death of Joseph

 22Now Joseph stayed in Egypt, he and his father’s household, and Joseph lived one hundred and ten years. 23Joseph saw the third generation of Ephraim’s sons; also the sons of Machir, the son of Manasseh, were born on Joseph’s knees. 24Joseph said to his brothers, “I am about to die, but God will surely take care of you and bring you up from this land to the land which He promised on oath to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob.” 25Then Joseph made the sons of Israel swear, saying, “God will surely take care of you, and you shall carry my bones up from here.” 26So Joseph died at the age of one hundred and ten years; and he was embalmed and placed in a coffin in Egypt.

Genesis 50:22-26

1Now these are the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob; they came each one with his household: 2Reuben, Simeon, Levi and Judah; 3Issachar, Zebulun and Benjamin; 4Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. 5All the persons who came from the loins of Jacob were seventy in number, but Joseph was already in Egypt. 6Joseph died, and all his brothers and all that generation.7But the sons of Israel were fruitful and increased greatly, and multiplied, and became exceedingly mighty, so that the land was filled with them.

Exodus 1:1-6

King Samsu-iluna of Babylon begins Samsu-iluna canal 2 year project

Year [3] in which Samsu-iluna the king dug the canal (called) ‘Samsu-iluna is source of abundance for all the people’ whose course was neglected since long time and brought forth / out in the heart of the land broad areas of fields and thus made surpass the land over all foreign countries

Or 53 29

Year [4] in which Samsu-iluna the king dug the canal (called) ‘Samsu-iluna brings abundance’ and established its course

Or 53 29, BBVO 1 22

Year [4] in which (Samsu-iluna) dug the eden-canal (called ‘Samsu-iluna-)canal brings abundance’

RlA 2 182, 150

Rim-Sîn II rebels in 9th year of King Samsu-iluna of Babylon

King Samsu-iluna of Babylon defeats Idamaras, Emutbal, Uruk and Isin

Year [10] in which Samsu-iluna the king with the great strength of Marduk smote with weapons the troops of Idamaras, Emutbal, Uruk and Isin

RlA 2 183, 155

King Samsu-iluna of Babylon destroys and rebuilds walls of Ur

Year Samsu-iluna the king by the order of An and Enlil destroyed the city walls of Ur and Uruk and for the x-th time smote by weapons the troops of Akkad

RlA 2 183, 156

Year Samsu-iluna the king built the large city wall of Ur and destroyed Larsa

UET 5 268

King Samsu-iluna of Babylon defeats Sumer and Akkad

Year [12] in which Samsu-iluna the king by the mighty strength given by Marduk, after having conquered all the enemy lands which had again become hostile, defeated the troops of Sumer and Akkad

TIM 4 2

Pharaoh Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw succeeds Hor I Awibre

Pharaoh Djedkheperew succeeds Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw

Pharaoh Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII succeeds Sebkay

Pharaoh Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep II succeeds Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII

Reign at least three years with chronological order according to position in Turin Canon

Pharaoh Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw succeeds Userkare Khendjer

Pharaoh Sehetepkare Intef succeeds Khendjer

Pharaoh Seth Meribre succeeds Sehetepkare Intef

Pharaoh Khasekhemre Neferhotep I succeeds Sobekhotep III

Pharaoh Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV succeeds Neferhotep I

Sobekhotep IV might have had several wives, only one of which is known for certain, the “king’s wife” Tjan. Several children are known. These are their son Amenhotep and daughter Nebetiunet, both with Tjan as mother. There are three further king’s sons: Sobekhotep Miu, Sobekhotep Djadja and Haankhef Iykhernofret. Their mother is not recorded in extant sources.

Moses Born

Palmanothes daughter Merris adopted a Hebrew child who grew to become Prince Mousos.

Artapanus

via Alexander Polyhistor quoted by Eusebius

1Now a man of the tribe of Levi married a Levite woman, 2and she became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him for three months. 3But when she could hide him no longer, she got a papyrus basket ^a for him and coated it with tar and pitch. Then she placed the child in it and put it among the reeds along the bank of the Nile. 4His sister stood at a distance to see what would happen to him.

5Then Pharaoh’s daughter went down to the Nile to bathe, and her attendants were walking along the riverbank. She saw the basket among the reeds and sent her female slave to get it. 6She opened it and saw the baby. He was crying, and she felt sorry for him. “This is one of the Hebrew babies,” she said.

7Then his sister asked Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and get one of the Hebrew women to nurse the baby for you?”

8“Yes, go,” she answered. So the girl went and got the baby’s mother. 9Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Take this baby and nurse him for me, and I will pay you.” So the woman took the baby and nursed him. 10When the child grew older, she took him to Pharaoh’s daughter and he became her son. She named him Moses, ^b saying, “I drew him out of the water.”

Exodus 2:1-10

King Ammi-Ditana of Babylon released the debts of his people

Year in which (Ammi-ditana) the respectful and obedient shepherd of Szamasz and Marduk / Adad / An and Enlil (released the debts of his people)

MCS 2 44

Pharaoh Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI succeeds Sobekhotep V

King Ammi-Ditana of Babylon built city wall of Kar-Szamasz

Year in which (Ammi-ditana) built the city wall of Kar-Szamasz on the banks of the Euphrates

MCS 2 46, YOS 13 23

Pharaoh Merneferre Ay succeeds Wahibre Ibiau

King Ammi-Ditana of Babylon built city wall of Iszkun-Marduk

Year in which the city wall of Iszkun-Marduk on the banks of the Silakkum canal was built

CT 8 7a, 40d; MCS 2 51

Moses kills Egyptian, flees to Midian

11One day, after Moses had grown up, he went out to his own peoplec and observed their hard labor. He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew, one of his own people. 12After looking this way and that and seeing no one, he struck down the Egyptian and hid his body in the sand.

13The next day Moses went out and saw two Hebrews fighting. He asked the one in the wrong, “Why are you attacking your companion?”

14But the man replied, “Who made you ruler and judge over us?d Are you planning to kill me as you killed the Egyptian?e”

Then Moses was afraid and thought, “This thing I have done has surely become known.”

15When Pharaoh heard about this matter, he sought to kill Moses. But Moses fled from Pharaoh and settled in the land of Midian, where he sat down beside a well.

16Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters, and they came to draw water and fill the troughs to water their father’s flock. 17And when some shepherds came along and drove them away, Moses rose up to help them and watered their flock.

18When the daughters returned to their father Reuel,f he asked them, “Why have you returned so early today?”

19“An Egyptian rescued us from the shepherds,” they replied. “He even drew water for us and watered the flock.”

20“So where is he?” their father asked. “Why did you leave the man behind? Invite him to have something to eat.”

21Moses agreed to stay with the man, and he gave his daughter Zipporah to Moses in marriage. 22And she gave birth to a son, and Moses named him Gershom,g saying, “I have become a foreigner in a foreign land.”

Exodus 2:11-22

23When Moses was forty years old, he decided to visit his brothers, the children of Israel. 24And when he saw one of them being mistreated, Moses went to his defense and avenged him by striking down the Egyptian who was oppressing him. 25He assumed his brothers would understand that God was using him to deliver them, but they did not.

26The next day he came upon two Israelites who were fighting, and he tried to reconcile them, saying, ‘Men, you are brothers. Why are you mistreating each other?’

27But the man who was abusing his neighbor pushed Moses aside and said, ‘Who made you ruler and judge over us? 28Do you want to kill me as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?’f 29At this remark, Moses fled to the land of Midian, where he lived as a foreigner and had two sons.

Acts 7:23-19

King Ammisaduqa succeeds Ammi-Ditana of Babylon

Year 1 of the penultimate king Ammizaduga dates to 1483 BC on a match of at least 18 and as many as 21 x 30-day months out of 25 attested 30-day months and a Venus solution for the years 1483-1462 BC. Ur III, Agade eclipse candidates also support this dating.

David F Lappin

Year in which Ammi-syaduqa the king, Enlil having magnified his princely lordship, rose forth steadfastly like the sun over his country and established justice for all his people

King Ammisaduqa of Babylon 1st released the debts of his country

Year in which (Ammi-syaduqa), the humble shepherd of An and Enlil, (released the debts) lasting on his country

RlA 2 189, 250, BBVOT 1 116

Pharaoh Mersekhemre Ined succeeds Sankhenre Sewadjtu

King Ammisaduqa of Babylon released the debts of his country

Year in which (Ammi-syaduqa), the true shepherd, the obedient servant of Szamasz and Marduk, released the debts of his country

RlA 2 190, 258, BM 79807

Pharaoh Merkawre Sobekhotep VII succeeds Sewadjkare Hori II

King Ammisaduqa of Babylon commissions canal

Year (Ammi-syaduqa) dug, at the exalted command of Szamasz / Marduk his king, a canal and called it ‘Ammi-syaduqa provides abundance for the people’

Djedhotepre Dedumose I succeeds as Pharaoh

Jürgen von Beckerath, Thomas Schneider and Detlef Franke see him as a king of the 13th Dynasty.

David Rhol (New Chronology)

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 2

Water Is Turned to Blood

14Then YHVH said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s heart is stubborn; he refuses to let the people go. 15 [Day 2] “Go to Pharaoh in the morning as he is going out to the water, and station yourself to meet him on the bank of the Nile; and you shall take in your hand the staff that was turned into a serpent. 16“You shall say to him, ‘YHVH, the God of the Hebrews, sent me to you, saying, “Let My people go, that they may serve Me in the wilderness. But behold, you have not listened until now.” 17‘Thus says YHVH, “By this you shall know that I am YHVH: behold, I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it will be turned to blood. 18“The fish that are in the Nile will die, and the Nile will become foul, and the Egyptians will find difficulty in drinking water from the Nile.”’” 19Then YHVH said to Moses, “Say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and stretch out your hand over the waters of Egypt, over their rivers, over their streams, and over their pools, and over all their reservoirs of water, that they may become blood; and there will be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.’”

20So Moses and Aaron did even as YHVH had commanded. And he lifted up the staff and struck the water that was in the Nile, in the sight of Pharaoh and in the sight of his servants, and all the water that was in the Nile was turned to blood. 21The fish that were in the Nile died, and the Nile became foul, so that the Egyptians could not drink water from the Nile. And the blood was through all the land of Egypt. 22But the magicians of Egypt did the same with their secret arts; and Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he did not listen to them, as YHVH had said. 23Then Pharaoh turned and went into his house with no concern even for this. 24So all the Egyptians dug around the Nile for water to drink, for they could not drink of the water of the Nile. 25Seven days passed after YHVH had struck the Nile.

Exodus 7:14-23

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 11

12[Day 11] After Moses and Aaron had left Pharaoh, Moses cried out to YHVH for help with the frogs that He had brought against Pharaoh. 13And YHVH did as Moses requested, and the frogs in the houses, the courtyards, and the fields died. 14They were piled into countless heaps, and there was a terrible stench in the land.

15When Pharaoh saw that there was relief, however, he hardeneda his heart and would not listen to Moses and Aaron, just as YHVH had said.

Exodus 8:12-15

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 13

The Fourth Plague: Flies

24[Day 13] And YHVH did so. Thick swarms of flies poured into Pharaoh’s palace and into the houses of his officials. Throughout Egypt the land was ruined by swarms of flies.

25Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go, sacrifice to your God within this land.”

26But Moses replied, “It would not be right to do that, because the sacrifices we offer to YHVH our God would be detestable to the Egyptians. If we offer sacrifices that are detestable before the Egyptians, will they not stone us? 27We must make a three-day journey into the wilderness and sacrifice to YHVH our Elohim as He commands us.”

28Pharaoh answered, “I will let you go and sacrifice to YHVH your God in the wilderness, but you must not go very far. Now pray for me.”

29“As soon as I leave you,” Moses said, “I will pray to YHVH, so that tomorrow the swarms of flies will depart from Pharaoh and his officials and his people. But Pharaoh must not act deceitfully again by refusing to let the people go and sacrifice to YHVH.”

Exodus 8:24-29

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 15

The Fifth Plague: Livestock

1 [Day 15] Then YHVH said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him that this is what YHVH, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘Let My people go, so that they may worship Me. 2But if you continue to restrain them and refuse to let them go, 3then the hand of YHVH will bring a severe plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks. 4But YHVH will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, so that no animal belonging to the Israelites will die.’”

Exodus 9:1-4

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 17

The Sixth Plague: Boils

8 [Day 17] Then YHVH said to Moses and Aaron, “Take handfuls of soot from the furnace; in the sight of Pharaoh, Moses is to toss it into the air. 9It will become fine dust over all the land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on man and beast throughout the land.”

10So they took soot from the furnace and stood before Pharaoh. Moses tossed it into the air, and festering boils broke out on man and beast. 11The magicians could not stand before Moses, because the boils had broken out on them and on all the Egyptians.

12But YHVH hardenedb Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not listen to them, just as YHVH had said to Moses.

13Then YHVH said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning, stand before Pharaoh, and tell him that this is what YHVH, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘Let My people go, so that they may worship Me. 14Otherwise, I will send all My plagues against youc and your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like Me in all the earth.

15For by this time I could have stretched out My hand and struck you and your people with a plague to wipe you off the earth. 16But I have raised you upd for this very purpose, that I might display My power to you,e and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.f 17Still, you lord it over My people and do not allow them to go.

18Behold, at this time tomorrow I will rain down the worst hail that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded until now. 19So give orders now to shelter your livestock and everything you have in the field. Every man or beast that remains in the field and is not brought inside will die when the hail comes down upon them.’”

20Those among Pharaoh’s officials who feared the word of YHVH hurried to bring their servants and livestock to shelter, 21but those who disregarded the word of YHVH left their servants and livestock in the field.

Exodus 9:8-21

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 19

The Eighth Plague: Locusts

3[Day 19] So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and told him, “This is what YHVH, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before Me? Let My people go, so that they may worship Me. 4But if you refuse to let My people go, I will bring locusts into your territory tomorrow. 5They will cover the face of the land so that no one can see it. They will devour whatever is left after the hail and eat every tree that grows in your fields. 6They will fill your houses and the houses of all your officials and every Egyptian—something neither your fathers nor your grandfathers have seen since the day they came into this land.’”

Then Moses turned and left Pharaoh’s presence.

7Pharaoh’s officials asked him, “How long will this man be a snare to us? Let the people go, so that they may worship YHVH their God. Do you not yet realize that Egypt is in ruins?”

8So Moses and Aaron were brought back to Pharaoh. “Go, worship YHVH your God,” he said. “But who exactly will be going?”

9“We will go with our young and old,” Moses replied. “We will go with our sons and daughters, and with our flocks and herds, for we must hold a feast to YHVH.”

10Then Pharaoh told them, “May YHVH be with you if I ever let you go with your little ones. Clearly you are bent on evil. 11No, only the men may go and worship YHVH, since that is what you have been requesting.” And Moses and Aaron were driven from Pharaoh’s presence.

Exodus 10:3-11

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 21

[Day 21] By morning the east wind had brought the locusts.

14The locusts swarmed across the land and settled over the entire territory of Egypt. Never before had there been so many locusts, and never again will there be. 15They covered the face of all the land until it was black, and they consumed all the plants on the ground and all the fruit on the trees that the hail had left behind. Nothing green was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt.

16Pharaoh quickly summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “I have sinned against YHVH your Elohim and against you. 17Now please forgive my sin once more and appeal to YHVH your Elohim, that He may remove this death from me.”

Exodus 10:14-17

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 23

The Ninth Plague: Darkness

21[Day 23] Then YHVH said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward heaven, so that darkness may spread over the land of Egypt—a palpable darkness.”

22So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and total darkness covered all the land of Egypt for three days. 23No one could see anyone else, and for three days no one left his place. Yet all the Israelites had light in their dwellings.

Exodus 10:21-23

Moses as elohim to Pharaoh Day 27

The Plague on the Firstborn Foretold

1[Day 27] Then YHVH said to Moses, “I will bring upon Pharaoh and Egypt one more plague. After that, he will allow you to leave this place. And when he lets you go, he will drive you out completely. 2Now announce to the people that men and women alike should ask their neighbors for articles of silver and gold.”

3And YHVH gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians. Moreover, Moses himself was highly regarded in Egypt by Pharaoh’s officials and by the people.

Exodus 11:1-3

Exodus out of Egypt 480 Years before Solomon would begin Temple

1Now YHVH said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, 2“This month is the beginning of months for you; it shall be the first month of your year.

3Tell the whole congregation of Israel that on the tenth day of this month each man must select a lamba for his family, one per household. 4If the household is too small for a whole lamb, they are to share with the nearest neighbor based on the number of people, and apportion the lamb accordingly.

5Your lamb must be an unblemished year-old male, and you may take it from the sheep or the goats. 6You must keep it until the fourteenth day of the month, when the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel will slaughter the animals at twilight.b 7They are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframesc of the houses where they eat the lambs.

8They are to eat the meat that night, roasted over the fire, along with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.

9Do not eat any of the meat raw or cooked in boiling water, but only roasted over the fire—its head and legs and inner parts. 10Do not leave any of it until morning; before the morning you must burn up any part that is left over.

11This is how you are to eat it: You must be fully dressed for travel,d with your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. You are to eat in haste; it is YHVH’s Pesach.

12On that night I will pass through the land of Egypt and strike down every firstborn male, both man and beast, and I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt. I am YHVH. 13The blood on the houses where you are staying will distinguish them; when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No plague will fall on you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt.

(Leviticus 23:4–8; Numbers 28:16–25; Deuteronomy 16:1–8)

14And this day will be a memorial for you, and you are to celebrate it as a feast to YHVH, as a permanent statute for the generations to come. 15For seven days you must eat unleavened bread. On the first day you are to remove the leaven from your houses. Whoever eats anything leavened from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel.

16On the first day you are to hold a sacred assembly, and another on the seventh day. You must not do any work on those days, except to prepare the meals—that is all you may do.

17So you are to keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread,e for on this very day I brought your divisions out of the land of Egypt. You must keep this day as a permanent statute for the generations to come. 18In the first month you are to eat unleavened bread, from the evening of the fourteenth day until the evening of the twenty-first day. 19For seven days there must be no leaven found in your houses. If anyone eats something leavened, that person, whether a foreigner or native of the land, must be cut off from the congregation of Israel. 20You are not to eat anything leavened; eat unleavened bread in all your homes.”

21Then Moses summoned all the elders of Israel and told them, “Go at once and select for yourselves a lamb for each family, and slaughter the Pesach lamb. 22Take a cluster of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin, and brush the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe. None of you shall go out the door of his house until morning.

23When YHVH passes through to strike down the Egyptians, He will see the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe and will pass over that doorway; so He will not allow the destroyer to enter your houses and strike you down.

24And you are to keep this command as a permanent statute for you and your descendants.25When you enter the land that YHVH will give you as He promised, you are to keep this service.

26When your children ask you, ‘What does this service mean to you?’ 27you are to reply, ‘It is the Pesach sacrifice to YHVH, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt when He struck down the Egyptians and spared our homes.’”

Then the people bowed down and worshiped. 28And the Israelites went and did just what YHVH had commanded Moses and Aaron.

The Tenth Plague: Death of the Firstborn

29Now at midnight YHVH struck down every firstborn male in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on his throne, to the firstborn of the prisoner in the dungeon, as well as all the firstborn among the livestock.

30During the night Pharaoh got up—he and all his officials and all the Egyptians—and there was loud wailing in Egypt; for there was no house without someone dead.

The Exodus Begins

31Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron by night and said, “Get up, leave my people, both you and the Israelites! Go, worship YHVH as you have requested. 32Take your flocks and herds as well, just as you have said, and depart! And bless me also.”

33And in order to send them out of the land quickly, the Egyptians urged the people on. “For otherwise,” they said, “we are all going to die!” 34So the people took their dough before it was leavened, carrying it on their shoulders in kneading bowls wrapped in clothing.

35Furthermore, the Israelites acted on Moses’ word and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold, and for clothing. 36And YHVH gave the people such favor in the sight of the Egyptians that they granted their request. In this way they plundered the Egyptians.

37The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Succothf with about 600,000 men on foot, besides women and children. 38And a mixed multitude also went up with them, along with great droves of livestock, both flocks and herds.

39Since their dough had no leaven, the people baked what they had brought out of Egypt into unleavened loaves. For when they had been driven out of Egypt, they could not delay and had not prepared any provisions for themselves.

40Now the duration of the Israelites’ stay in Egypt was 430 years. 41At the end of the 430 years, to the very day, all the LORD’s divisions went out of the land of Egypt. 42Because YHVH kept a vigil that night to bring them out of the land of Egypt, this same night is to be a vigil to YHVH, to be observed by all the Israelites for the generations to come.

43And YHVH said to Moses and Aaron, “This is the statute of the Pesach: No foreigner is to eat of it. 44But any slave who has been purchased may eat of it, after you have circumcised him. 45A temporary resident or hired hand shall not eat the Pesach.

46It must be eaten inside one house. You are not to take any of the meat outside the house, and you may not break any of the bones.

47The whole congregation of Israel must celebrate it. 48If a foreigner resides with you and wants to celebrate YHVH’s Pesach, all the males in the household must be circumcised; then he may come near to celebrate it, and he shall be like a native of the land. But no uncircumcised man may eat of it. 49The same law shall apply to both the native and the foreigner who resides among you.”

50Then all the Israelites did this—they did just as YHVH had commanded Moses and Aaron.51And on that very day YHVH brought the Israelites out of the land of Egypt by their divisions.

Exodus 12

1Then YHVH said to Moses, 2“Consecrate to Me every firstborn male.a The firstborn from every womb among the Israelites belongs to Me, both of man and beast.”

3So Moses told the people, “Remember this day, the day you came out of Egypt, out of the house of slavery; for YHVH brought you out of it by the strength of His hand. And nothing leavened shall be eaten.

4Today, in the month of Abib,b you are leaving. 5And when YHVH brings you into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Hivites, and Jebusites—the land He swore to your fathers that He would give you, a land flowing with milk and honey—you shall keep this service in this month.

6For seven days you are to eat unleavened bread, and on the seventh day there shall be a feast to YHVH. 7Unleavened bread shall be eaten during those seven days. Nothing leavened may be found among you, nor shall leaven be found anywhere within your borders.

8And on that day you are to explain to your son, ‘This is because of what YHVH did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ 9It shall be a sign for you on your hand and a reminder on your forehead that the Law of YHVH is to be on your lips. For with a mighty hand YHVH brought you out of Egypt. 10Therefore you shall keep this statute at the appointed time year after year.

11And after YHVH brings you into the land of the Canaanites and gives it to you, as He swore to you and your fathers, 12you are to present to YHVH the firstborn male of every womb. All the firstborn males of your livestock belong to YHVH. 13You must redeem every firstborn donkey with a lamb, and if you do not redeem it, you are to break its neck. And every firstborn of your sons you must redeem.

14In the future, when your son asks you, ‘What does this mean?’ you are to tell him, ‘With a mighty hand YHVH brought us out of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 15And when Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let us go, YHVH killed every firstborn in the land of Egypt, both of man and beast. This is why I sacrifice to YHVH the firstborn male of every womb, but I redeem all the firstborn of my sons.’ 16So it shall serve as a sign on your hand and a symbol on your forehead, for with a mighty handYHVH brought us out of Egypt.”

17When Pharaoh let the people go, Elohim did not lead them along the road through the land of the Philistines, though it was shorter. For Elohim said, “If the people face war, they might change their minds and return to Egypt.” 18So Elohim led the people around by the way of the wilderness toward the Red Sea.c And the Israelites left the land of Egypt arrayed for battle.d

19Moses took the bones of Joseph with him because Joseph had made the sons of Israel swear a solemn oath when he said, “God will surely attend to you, and then you must carry my bones with you from this place.”e

20They set out from Succoth and camped at Etham on the edge of the wilderness. 21And YHVH went before them in a pillar of cloud to guide their way by day, and in a pillar of fire to give them light by night, so that they could travel by day or night. 22Neither the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night left its place before the people.

Exodus 13

1In the four hundred and eightieth a year after the Israelites had come out of the land of Egypt, in the month of Ziv, the second month of the fourth year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, he began to build the house of YHVH.

1 Kings 6:1

Israelite mixed multitude begins 40 years in wilderness

1These are the journeys of the Israelites when they came out of the land of Egypt by their divisions under the leadership of Moses and Aaron. 2At YHVH’s command, Moses recorded the stages of their journey. These are the stages listed by their starting points:

3On the fifteenth day of the first month, on the day after the Pesach, the Israelites set out from Rameses. They marched out defiantlya in full view of all the Egyptians, 4who were burying all their firstborn, whom YHVH had struck down among them; for YHVH had executed judgment against their gods. 5The Israelites set out from Rameses and camped at Succoth.

6They set out from Succoth and camped at Etham, on the edge of the wilderness.

7They set out from Etham and turned back to Pi-hahiroth, opposite Baal-zephon, and they camped near Migdol.

8They set out from Pi-hahirothb and crossed through the sea, into the wilderness, and they journeyed three days into the Wilderness of Etham and camped at Marah.

Numbers 33:1-8

22Then Moses led Israel from the Red Sea, and they went out into the Desert of Shur. For three days they walked in the desert without finding water. 23And when they came to Marah,c they could not drink the water there because it was bitter. (That is why it was named Marah.)

24So the people grumbled against Moses, saying, “What are we to drink?” 25And Moses cried out to YHVH, and YHVH showed him a log. And when he cast it into the waters, they were sweetened.

There YHVH made for them a statute and an ordinance, and there He tested them,26saying, “If you will listen carefully to the voice of YHVH your Elohim, and do what is right in His eyes, and pay attention to His commands, and keep all His statutes, then I will not bring on you any of the diseases I inflicted on the Egyptians. For I am YHVH who heals you.”

Exodus 15:22-26

Israelite mixed multitude move from Desert of Sin to Rephidim

12They set out from the Desert of Sin and camped at Dophkah.

13They set out from Dophkah and camped at Alush.

14They set out from Alush and camped at Rephidim, where there was no water for the people to drink.

Numbers 33:12-14

1Then the whole congregation of Israel left the Desert of Sin,a moving from place to place as YHVH commanded. They camped at Rephidim, but there was no water for the people to drink. 2So the people contended with Moses, “Give us water to drink.”

“Why do you contend with me?” Moses replied. “Why do you test YHVH?”

3But the people thirsted for water there, and they grumbled against Moses: “Why have you brought us out of Egypt—to make us and our children and livestock die of thirst?”

4Then Moses cried out to YHVH, “What should I do with these people? A little more and they will stone me!”

5And YHVH said to Moses, “Walk on ahead of the people and take some of the elders of Israel with you. Take along in your hand the staff with which you struck the Nile, and go.6Behold, I will stand there before you by the rock at Horeb.b And when you strike the rock, water will come out of it for the people to drink.”

So Moses did this in the sight of the elders of Israel. 7He named the place Massahc and Meribahd because the Israelites quarreled, and because they tested YHVH, saying, “Is the LORD among us or not?”

The Defeat of the Amalekites

8After this, the Amalekites came and attacked the Israelites at Rephidim. 9So Moses said to Joshua, “Choose some of our men and go out to fight the Amalekites. Tomorrow I will stand on the hilltop with the staff of God in my hand.”

10Joshua did as Moses had instructed him and fought against the Amalekites, while Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

11As long as Moses held up his hands, Israel prevailed; but when he lowered them, Amalek prevailed. 12When Moses’ hands grew heavy, they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat on it. Then Aaron and Hur held his hands up, one on each side, so that his hands remained steady until the sun went down.

13So Joshua overwhelmed Amalek and his army with the sword.

14Then YHVH said to Moses, “Write this on a scroll as a reminder and recite it to Joshua, because I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven.”

15And Moses built an altar and named it YHVH Is My Banner.e 16“Indeed,” he said, “a hand was lifted up toward the throne of YHVH. YHVH will war against Amalek from generation to generation.”

Exodus 17

1Now Moses’ father-in-law Jethro,a the priest of Midian, heard about all that Elohim had done for Moses and His people Israel, and how YHVH had brought Israel out of Egypt.

2After Moses had sent back his wife Zipporah, his father-in-law Jethro had received her,3along with her two sons. One son was named Gershom,b for Moses had said, “I have been a foreigner in a foreign land.” 4The other son was named Eliezer,c for Moses had said, “The Elohim of my father was my helper and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh.”

5Moses’ father-in-law Jethro, along with Moses’ wife and sons, came to him in the desert, where he was encamped at the mountain of Elohim. 6He sent word to Moses, “I, your father-in-law Jethro, am coming to you with your wife and her two sons.”

7So Moses went out to meet his father-in-law and bowed down and kissed him. They greeted each other and went into the tent. 8Then Moses recounted to his father-in-law all that YHVH had done to Pharaoh and the Egyptians for Israel’s sake, all the hardships they had encountered along the way, and how YHVH had delivered them.

9And Jethro rejoiced over all the good things YHVH had done for Israel, whom He had rescued from the hand of the Egyptians. 10Jethro declared, “Blessed be YHVH, who has delivered you from the hand of the Egyptians and of Pharaoh, and who has delivered the people from the hand of the Egyptians. 11Now I know that YHVH is greater than all other gods, for He did this when they treated Israel with arrogance.”

12Then Moses’ father-in-law Jethro brought a burnt offering and sacrifices to Elohim, and Aaron came with all the elders of Israel to eat bread with Moses’ father-in-law in the presence of Elohim.

Jethro Advises Moses (Deuteronomy 1:9–18)

13The next day Moses took his seat to judge the people, and they stood around him from morning until evening. 14When his father-in-law saw all that Moses was doing for the people, he asked, “What is this that you are doing for the people? Why do you sit alone as judge, with all the people standing around you from morning till evening?”

15“Because the people come to me to inquire of Elohim,” Moses replied. 16“Whenever they have a dispute, it is brought to me to judge between one man and another, and I make known to them the statutes and laws of God.”

17But Moses’ father-in-law said to him, “What you are doing is not good. 18Surely you and these people with you will wear yourselves out, because the task is too heavy for you. You cannot handle it alone.

19Now listen to me; I will give you some advice, and may Elohim be with you. You must be the people’s representative before God and bring their causes to Him. 20Teach them the statutes and laws, and show them the way to live and the work they must do.

21Furthermore, select capable men from among the people—Elohim-fearing, trustworthy men who are averse to dishonest gain. Appoint them over the people as leaders of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties, and of tens.

22Have these men judge the people at all times. Then they can bring you any major issue, but all minor cases they can judge on their own, so that your load may be lightened as they share it with you.

23If you follow this advice and Elohim so directs you, then you will be able to endure, and all these people can go home in peace.”

24Moses listened to his father-in-law and did everything he said. 25So Moses chose capable men from all Israel and made them heads over the people as leaders of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties, and of tens. 26And they judged the people at all times; they would bring the difficult cases to Moses, but any minor issue they would judge themselves.

27Then Moses sent his father-in-law on his way, and Jethro returned to his own land.

Exodus 18